Answer: B. Catalase peroxidase (KatG) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Explanation: Isoniazid is a prodrug that is activated by the catalase peroxidase enzyme (KatG) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, converting it to its active form which inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.

Answer: A. 2 fold

Explanation: A small difference, typically a 2-fold difference, between the minimum lethal dose and the minimum effective dose indicates a narrow therapeutic index. This necessitates careful patient monitoring and precise dose adjustments to avoid toxicity.

Answer: B. Schedule H

Explanation: Ibuprofen is classified as a Schedule H drug, meaning it is available only with a prescription. This classification is due to potential side effects and the need for medical supervision during its use.

Answer: D. Glargine

Explanation: Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin analogue that provides a steady release of insulin over an extended period, helping to maintain basal blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.

Answer: B. β2

Explanation: Stimulation of β2 adrenergic receptors produces potent anabolic effects, including increased muscle protein synthesis and improved metabolic activity. These receptors play an important role in regulating energy metabolism and tissue repair.

Answer: A. One-compartment model

Explanation: The one-compartment model assumes that the drug distributes instantaneously and uniformly throughout the body. This simplification is commonly used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters in clinical studies.

Answer: A. Nitrous oxide

Explanation: Nitrous oxide is considered a weak anesthetic when used alone; however, it is often used in combination with other agents to produce adequate anesthesia during surgical procedures.

Answer: C. Bromocriptine

Explanation: Bromocriptine is used as a first-line treatment in Parkinson’s disease and for hyperprolactinemia. It acts as a dopamine receptor agonist, reducing symptoms and normalizing prolactin levels in patients.

Answer: C. D3

Explanation: Activation of the D3 dopamine receptor subtype has been linked to dopamine dysregulation syndrome. This condition may lead to compulsive behaviors due to altered dopaminergic signaling in the brain.

Answer: B. Misopristol

Explanation: Misopristol is used to treat NSAID-induced peptic ulceration by promoting mucosal protection and reducing gastric acid secretion, thereby alleviating ulcer symptoms and aiding in healing.

Answer: A. Enalapril

Explanation: Enalapril is a prodrug that requires metabolic conversion to enalaprilat in the body. This conversion is crucial for its therapeutic effect as an ACE inhibitor in treating hypertension.

Answer: A. first-pass

Explanation: Drugs with a high extraction ratio undergo significant first-pass metabolism, where a large proportion of the drug is metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation, affecting bioavailability.

Answer: B. One triazole ring

Explanation: Fluconazole contains one triazole ring, which is essential for its mechanism of inhibiting fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes and disrupting ergosterol synthesis in fungal cells.

Answer: B. Analeptic

Explanation: “Analeptics” are CNS stimulants (respiratory stimulants), not hallucinogens.

Answer: A. Wetting agent

Explanation: Drave’s test is used to evaluate the effectiveness of a wetting agent in pharmaceutical formulations. It measures the ability of a compound to reduce surface tension and promote uniform dispersion of particles.

Answer: A. Activation of AMPK

Explanation: Metformin activates AMPK, reducing gluconeogenesis and helping control blood sugar.

Answer: C. ezetimibe

Explanation: Ezetimibe inhibits NPC1L1 transporter in the intestine, lowering LDL cholesterol.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: Sarin, Tabun, and Soman are organophosphates used as chemical warfare nerve agents.

Answer: B. MAO B

Explanation: MAO-B converts MPTP to MPP+, which is neurotoxic and causes Parkinson-like symptoms.

Answer: A. L type voltage gated channels

Explanation: Dihydropyridines like amlodipine selectively block L-type Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle.