Answer: B. Isoniazid

Explanation: Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is used as a supplement to prevent the neurotoxicity associated with isoniazid therapy. It helps mitigate side effects by compensating for the vitamin deficiency caused by the drug.

Answer: C. Rabies vaccine

Explanation: A killed or inactivated vaccine is one in which the pathogen is rendered non-infectious. The rabies vaccine is an example, as it is prepared by inactivating the virus to safely stimulate an immune response.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: When sulfasalazine is cleaved, it yields both 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine. These products contribute to its therapeutic effect in inflammatory bowel diseases, each playing a distinct role in reducing inflammation.

Answer: D. Brinzolamide

Explanation: Brinzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as a diuretic in glaucoma treatment. It lowers intraocular pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor, thereby alleviating the symptoms of glaucoma.

Answer: D. Increase in excretion of glucose through kidney

Explanation: Canagliflozin is a sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that lowers blood glucose levels by blocking glucose reabsorption in the kidney, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion.

Answer: A. Exenatide

Explanation: Exenatide is an incretin mimetic that acts by mimicking the action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). It improves glycemic control by enhancing insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon release.

Answer: D. Antisense oligonucleotide

Explanation: Mipomersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that targets the mRNA for apolipoprotein B-100, thereby reducing its production. This mechanism is used in treating homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

Answer: B. Topoisomerase I

Explanation: Camptothecin is an anticancer agent that inhibits Topoisomerase I, an enzyme essential for DNA replication. This inhibition leads to DNA damage and apoptosis in rapidly dividing cancer cells.

Answer: C. Depolymerization of the mucopolysaccharides

Explanation: Bromhexine acts by depolymerizing mucopolysaccharides, which decreases the viscosity of mucus and facilitates its clearance, thus aiding in the relief of respiratory conditions.

Answer: B. Chloroquine

Explanation: Chloroquine, when used long-term or at high doses, can cause retinal toxicity leading to visual damage. Its ocular side effects necessitate regular eye examinations during therapy.

Answer: B. Aspirin

Explanation: Aspirin exhibits first-order elimination kinetics; in zero-order kinetics, the rate of drug elimination is constant regardless of concentration, as seen with ethanol. Morphine and phenytoin can display variable kinetics under certain conditions.

Answer: D. May stimulate lactation

Explanation: Metoclopropamide is a dopamine receptor antagonist that increases gastric motility and can cause extrapyramidal side effects; it does not stimulate lactation. Option D is the false statement.

Answer: C. Magnesium sulfate

Explanation: Magnesium sulfate is used as a uterine relaxant; it works by reducing uterine muscle contractions, which can be beneficial in preventing premature labor.

Answer: A. Saroglitazar

Explanation: Saroglitazar is a dual PPAR agonist approved by DCGI in India for the treatment of dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. It helps improve insulin sensitivity and lipid profile simultaneously.

Answer: B. Red man

Explanation: Red man syndrome is an infusion-related reaction associated with vancomycin administration. It is characterized by flushing, rash, and hypotension, primarily due to histamine release from rapid infusion.

Answer: C. Suicide inhibitors

Explanation: Suicide inhibitors are drugs that are metabolized to reactive intermediates which then bind irreversibly to the enzyme, inactivating it. This mechanism leads to prolonged effects even after the drug is cleared from circulation.

Answer: A. Metronidazole

Explanation: Metronidazole exhibits disulfiram-like effects by interfering with the metabolism of ethanol, which can cause unpleasant reactions when alcohol is consumed during treatment.

Answer: A. Clioquinol

Explanation: Clioquinol is a chelating agent investigated for Alzheimer’s therapy due to its ability to bind metal ions implicated in the formation of amyloid plaques, thus potentially reducing neurotoxicity.

Answer: B. Ondansetron

Explanation: Ondansetron, although primarily used as an antiemetic, has been reported to exhibit antihypertensive effects by antagonizing 5-HT receptors that influence vascular tone. (Note: The answer key lists B.)

Answer: D. Griseofulvin

Explanation: Griseofulvin is a steroidal antibiotic used primarily to treat fungal infections. Its unique structure and mode of action distinguish it from other antibiotic classes, making it effective in dermatophyte infections.