Answer: B. Higher residence time in body

Explanation: PEGylated liposomes evade rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), resulting in a longer circulation time in the body.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: IV emulsions can be rendered isotonic using various agents such as 0.9 N NaCl, 0.9 M KCl, or 2% w/w boric acid, depending on formulation needs.

Answer: B. Mannitol

Explanation: Mannitol is commonly used in chewable tablets for its pleasant taste, non-hygroscopic nature, and cooling sensation.

Answer: D. Sweetener

Explanation: Sodium saccharine is added as a sweetener in enteral nutritional products to enhance flavor without affecting product stability.

Answer: B. Freeze drying

Explanation: Freeze drying is one of the most effective methods for converting a crystalline substance into its amorphous form, thereby enhancing solubility.

Answer: B. Negative heat of solution

Explanation: Mannitol’s negative heat of solution means it absorbs heat when dissolving, preventing a warm mouthfeel and enhancing patient comfort.

Answer: D. B and C both

Explanation: Both roller compactors and Chilsonators are generally not used for wet granulation; the planetary mixer is the standard apparatus.

Answer: B. Silica

Explanation: Silica is commonly used as a desiccant in tablet bottles to absorb moisture and protect the product.

Answer: B. Acryl polymer

Explanation: Carbopols are a type of acryl polymer used as thickening and suspending agents in pharmaceutical formulations.

Answer: C. After granulation

Explanation: Magnesium stearate is typically added after granulation as a lubricant to facilitate the tablet compression process.

Answer: C. Urine

Explanation: Ionised drugs are more water-soluble and become concentrated in urine due to ion trapping across pH gradients between blood and urine.

Answer: D. Tannins

Explanation: The answer key identifies tannins as belonging to the composite family due to their complex polymeric structures.

Answer: D. 0.5

Explanation: The maximum recommended volume for intracutaneous injection is 0.5 ml to avoid tissue irritation and ensure proper absorption.

Answer: D. Polystyrene

Explanation: Polystyrene exhibits higher permeability than many other polymers due to its amorphous structure and lower density.

Answer: B. Increase pH of formulation above isoelectric point

Explanation: Raising the pH above the isoelectric point of insulin causes precipitation, resulting in a slower release and prolonged action.

Answer: B. 120 minutes

Explanation: Enteric coated tablets are designed to resist dissolution in gastric acid and typically dissolve in about 120 minutes in 0.1 N HCl.

Answer: C. Rheological

Explanation: Rheological properties are generally not used to identify emulsions compared to parameters like light scattering and solubility.

Answer: A. Sulphur

Explanation: Sulphur is used as the primary vulcanizing agent for rubber because it creates cross-links between polymer chains, improving elasticity and strength.

Answer: A. Citric acid + NaHCO₃

Explanation: Effervescent tablets commonly use the combination of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate to generate carbon dioxide upon dissolution.

Answer: A. Vein

Explanation: Microsyringe administration is typically performed via the vein, allowing for rapid and controlled drug delivery.