Answer: C. Sorbitan monolaurate

Explanation: Span 20 is the common name for sorbitan monolaurate. It is a nonionic surfactant used as an emulsifier in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations to stabilize mixtures.

Answer: B. GPCR

Explanation: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are characterized by their seven transmembrane domains. They play key roles in cell signaling and are targets for a large number of drugs.

Answer: B. ########

Explanation: For oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, surfactants typically have an HLB value between 7 and 11, which helps to stabilize the emulsion by balancing the hydrophilic and lipophilic properties.

Answer: D. 150 gm

Explanation: Bloom strength measures the firmness of gelatin. For soft gelatin capsules, a bloom strength of 150 gm is ideal, providing sufficient elasticity and strength for capsule formation and ensuring proper performance in dosage forms.

Answer: A. Less than 10 µm

Explanation: A fluid energy mill typically produces particles that are less than 10 µm in size. This fine particle size improves dissolution and bioavailability, which is critical for many pharmaceutical applications.

Answer: B. Maleic acid

Explanation: Maleic acid exhibits geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism due to the presence of a double bond between the two carboxyl groups. This isomerism significantly influences its chemical reactivity compared to its trans isomer, fumaric acid.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: Non-linear pharmacokinetics may result from saturation of multiple processes, including protein binding, hepatic metabolism, and active renal transport. These saturable processes can lead to disproportionate increases in drug concentration with increasing doses.

Answer: B. Methionine and Cysteine

Explanation: Methionine and cysteine are the two primary sulfur-containing amino acids. Their sulfur atoms are important for protein structure and function, including the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins.

Answer: A. Gold number

Explanation: The Gold number is a measure of the protective power of colloids. It indicates the minimum amount of protective colloid needed to prevent the coagulation of a standard gold sol, reflecting the colloidal stability.

Answer: C. Both

Explanation: Lawsone is another name for 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthaquinone and is sometimes also referred to as hennotannic acid. It is the principal dye component found in henna used for body art and hair coloring.

Answer: B. Uric acid

Explanation: The murexide test is a qualitative test used for the detection of uric acid. When uric acid reacts with nitric acid and is subsequently heated, a murexide (purple) color develops, confirming its presence.

Answer: C. Alanine

Explanation: Alanine is known for its sweet taste. Its relatively simple structure contributes to its sweetness, which contrasts with the bitter or sour tastes of other amino acids, affecting flavor in food products.

Answer: A. Size

Explanation: The optical properties, including the color, of gold nanoparticles are primarily determined by their size. Smaller particles typically appear red while larger particles tend to exhibit blue or purple hues due to surface plasmon resonance effects.

Answer: C. Vancomycin

Explanation: Red man syndrome is an infusion-related reaction characterized by flushing and rash. It is most commonly associated with vancomycin administration, due to histamine release during rapid infusion.

Answer: B. Asparagine

Explanation: In the single-letter amino acid code, N stands for asparagine. This designation is widely used in protein sequencing and bioinformatics to represent this polar, uncharged amino acid.

Answer: D. Tannins

Explanation: The matchstick test is a qualitative assay used to detect the presence of tannins in a sample. Tannins react with specific reagents to produce a color change, confirming their presence in plant extracts.

Answer: A. Direct contact

Explanation: Ebola virus is transmitted primarily through direct contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person. This mode of transmission necessitates strict infection control measures during outbreaks.

Answer: B. Z

Explanation: For sulindac, the Z isomer is the pharmacologically active form. The stereochemistry of the molecule is crucial for its interaction with biological targets and its subsequent therapeutic efficacy.

Answer: A. Wolff

Explanation: The Wolff rearrangement involves the conversion of a diazoketone into a ketone via the formation of a carbene intermediate. This rearrangement is used in synthetic organic chemistry to generate ketones from diazo compounds.

Answer: C. Histidine

Explanation: Imidazole-containing alkaloids are biosynthesized from histidine. The imidazole ring in histidine serves as the structural foundation for these compounds, influencing their biological activity and medicinal applications.