Answer: C. Repaglinide

Explanation: Repaglinide is preferred for treating mild hypoglycemia in obese patients because it has a rapid onset and short duration of action, which helps control postprandial blood glucose levels without causing excessive hypoglycemia.

Answer: C. Labetalol

Explanation: Labetalol blocks both α and β receptors, making it effective in reducing blood pressure by decreasing heart rate and dilating blood vessels. This dual antagonism distinguishes it from agents that selectively block one receptor type.

Answer: C. Belladonna

Explanation: Belladonna poisoning is characterized by anticholinergic symptoms such as pinpoint pupils, photophobia, and blurred vision. These symptoms arise from the blockade of muscarinic receptors in the eye and central nervous system.

Answer: A. Pralidoxime + Atropine

Explanation: Pralidoxime combined with atropine is the treatment of choice for organophosphorus poisoning. Atropine counteracts muscarinic effects, while pralidoxime reactivates acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphates.

Answer: C. Streptococcal infection

Explanation: Metronidazole is used primarily for anaerobic infections, Helicobacter pylori, and pseudomembranous colitis; it is not effective against streptococcal infections which require other antibiotics.

Answer: B. Philosophy

Explanation: The 4P's of marketing are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. 'Philosophy' is not part of this traditional marketing mix, making it the correct answer.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: Glucocorticoids, β-blockers, and thiazide diuretics can all contribute to secondary hyperlipidemia by altering lipid metabolism and increasing serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Answer: C. Both A and B

Explanation: Both narcolepsy and sleep apnea are characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder while sleep apnea is a breathing disorder, yet both significantly impact sleep quality.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: Mitochondria contain their own DNA, ribosomes, and various enzymes. Together, these components allow mitochondria to synthesize proteins and generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer: C. 2-Pentanol

Explanation: 2-Pentanol does not show a positive iodoform test because it lacks the methyl ketone group or an equivalent structure necessary for the reaction, unlike 2-butanone and acetaldehyde.

Answer: B. TNF-α antagonist

Explanation: Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, thereby reducing inflammation in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.

Answer: B. Vapor pressure of 40 to 80 psig

Explanation: Propellants used in Metered-Dose Inhalers (MDIs) typically have a vapor pressure between 40 and 80 psig, which ensures consistent aerosol generation and efficient drug delivery to the lungs.

Answer: D. 0.075

Explanation: For uncoated tablets with an average weight between 130 and 324 mg, the allowable weight variation is typically ±7.5%. This ensures dosage uniformity and compliance with quality standards.

Answer: D. HPLC

Explanation: HPLC is not used for moisture determination. Moisture content is typically measured by techniques such as Karl Fischer titration (KF titration), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), or specialized IR balances.

Answer: B. Limited expression of glucuronyl transferase

Explanation: Gray baby syndrome occurs because neonates have limited expression of glucuronyl transferase, the enzyme needed to metabolize chloramphenicol, leading to toxic accumulation and adverse effects.

Answer: C. Positive inductive effect and hyperconjugation

Explanation: Carbocation stability is enhanced by both the positive inductive effect and hyperconjugation. Tertiary carbocations benefit from multiple alkyl groups that donate electron density, stabilizing the positive charge more effectively.

Answer: C. Ephedrine

Explanation: Ephedrine is structurally related to dopamine and acts as a sympathomimetic agent. Its structure includes similar amine and aromatic moieties, making it the closest derivative among the options provided.

Answer: B. 4-Hydroxy coumarin

Explanation: Warfarin is derived from 4-hydroxy coumarin. This compound forms the structural basis for warfarin’s anticoagulant activity, which interferes with the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

Answer: B. Glucocorticoid

Explanation: Glucocorticoid receptors are intracellular, not enzyme-linked receptors. In contrast, growth factor and thyroid receptors are typically membrane-associated and linked to enzymatic activity, while acetylcholine receptors are ion channels.

Answer: D. Decrease Tg

Explanation: Plasticizers are added to tablet coatings to decrease the glass transition temperature (Tg), making the film more flexible and reducing brittleness, which improves the coating’s mechanical properties.