Answer: C. 2 gm

Explanation: To prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M NaOH solution, the calculation involves the molar mass of NaOH and the required moles, which results in approximately 2 grams. This is a standard calculation in solution chemistry.

Answer: A. equal to 0.3 μm

Explanation: A standard HEPA filter is required to capture at least 99.95% or 99.97% of particles with a diameter of 0.3 μm, which is considered the most penetrating particle size for filtration systems.

Answer: A. Eel >> Evb >> Erot >> Etr

Explanation: The energy order in molecular systems typically follows electronic energy (Eel) being the highest, followed by vibrational (Evb), rotational (Erot), and translational (Etr) energies. This hierarchy is fundamental in molecular spectroscopy.

Answer: C. Angle of repose

Explanation: The angle of repose is a measure of the flow properties of powders. It indicates the steepest angle at which a pile of unconsolidated powder remains stable, reflecting interparticle friction and cohesion.

Answer: D. Carbon dioxide

Explanation: Cryopreservation uses liquid nitrogen (or its vapor), not CO₂, to achieve cryogenic temperatures.

Answer: C. The drug is contained a permeable polyester bag

Explanation: Osmotic pumps are designed with a rigid semipermeable membrane controlling drug release; the drug is not contained in a permeable polyester bag, making statement (c) false.

Answer: B. Paclitaxel

Explanation: Paclitaxel is classified as a BCS-IV drug, indicating it has low solubility and low permeability. These characteristics present formulation challenges and influence its bioavailability.

Answer: B. 20 L

Explanation: Using the formula concentration = amount/volume, dividing 3 g by 0.15 g/L results in a compartment volume of 20 liters, demonstrating basic principles of pharmacokinetics.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: The flow properties of powders are influenced by several factors including ambient humidity, particle shape, and the chemical composition of the powder. These factors collectively affect powder behavior during processing.

Answer: B. Concave

Explanation: Whiskering in tablet manufacturing refers to the formation of small whisker-like projections. This issue is typically observed when concave punches are used, leading to defects in the tablet surface that affect quality.

Answer: B. Emulsion

Explanation: Bancroft's rule explains that the phase in which the emulsifier is more soluble will become the continuous phase in an emulsion. This rule is fundamental in designing stable emulsions in pharmaceutical formulations.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: Capping in tablet formulations results from multiple factors including excess fines, improper moisture content, and insufficient binder or lubricant. Each factor adversely affects the tablet compression process.

Answer: C. ethanol and methanol (5%)

Explanation: Denatured spirit typically contains ≥8.5–10% methanol, not 5%.

Answer: A. Ferroin

Explanation: Ferroin is the indicator used in the titration of ferrous gluconate because it undergoes a distinct color change at the endpoint, facilitating accurate determination of the iron concentration.

Answer: B. Sodium lauryl sulfate

Explanation: Sodium lauryl sulfate is a well-known anionic surfactant used extensively in cleaning agents and personal care products because it effectively lowers surface tension and aids in emulsification.

Answer: A. 4-6

Explanation: The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) for water-in-oil emulsifiers typically falls between 4 and 6. This range is optimal for stabilizing emulsions where water droplets are dispersed in an oil phase.

Answer: C. Compactability

Explanation: Heckel's pot is used to study the compactability of a material during compression. It measures how powders consolidate, which is critical for the formulation of tablets and other solid dosage forms.

Answer: C. ZipDose technology (3-D printing)

Explanation: Spritam® is notable for being the first FDA-approved 3-D printed tablet. This innovative ZipDose technology allows for rapid disintegration, ensuring faster drug release and improved patient compliance.

Answer: A. Higuchi's square root model Hixcon-Crowell's cube root law

Explanation: The combination of Higuchi’s square root model with Hixson-Crowell’s cube root law is not applicable for evaluating drug release kinetics because it does not accurately represent the release mechanism from certain dosage forms.

Answer: A. Cross-linked polystyrene

Explanation: Cross-linked polystyrene is widely used as a matrix for ion exchange resins. Its chemical stability and mechanical strength make it ideal for applications in water purification and chemical processing.