Answer: A. Between 1

Explanation: Soft gelatin capsules typically use plasticizer concentrations in the range of 1:10 to 4:10 (plasticizer:gelatin) to achieve optimal flexibility and mechanical strength.

Answer: A. 93% Lactose monohydrate, 3.5% Kollidon 30, and 3.5% Kollidon CL

Explanation: Ludipress is formulated with a high percentage of lactose monohydrate along with Kollidon 30 and Kollidon CL, which act as binder and disintegrant, respectively.

Answer: B. Orlon

Explanation: Polyacrylonitrile is known commercially as Orlon, a synthetic fiber used in textiles and industrial applications.

Answer: C. Ke << Ka

Explanation: Flip-flop kinetics occur when absorption is slower than elimination (Ka << Ke), not Ke << Ka.

Answer: A. 34.5

Explanation: The α-form of cocoa butter melts at approximately 34.5°C, which is critical for its application in chocolate production to ensure a smooth texture.

Answer: D. For ritonavir, most stable polymorph is most soluble

Explanation: For many drugs, the most stable polymorph is usually the least soluble; the statement about ritonavir is incorrect.

Answer: A. 1-R, 2-S, 3-Q, 4-P, 5-T

Explanation: The answer key matches the vaccines as follows: Diphtheria is given as a toxoid (R); Pneumococcal pneumonia uses killed bacteria (S); Tuberculosis vaccine is based on an attenuated strain (Q); Cholera uses purified polysaccharide (P); Typhoid vaccine is a genetically attenuated preparation (T).

Answer: D. Melting temperature

Explanation: Kelvin's equation governs phenomena such as vapor pressure, gas adsorption, and solubility of nanoparticles but does not directly determine their melting temperature.

Answer: A. Film coating

Explanation: Marbling refers to a mottled appearance in film coatings due to uneven distribution of the coating material, affecting the aesthetic quality of the final product.

Answer: B. Type 4

Explanation: Implants are tested using a Type 4 dissolution apparatus, which is designed to simulate the in vivo environment and provide a controlled means of measuring the drug release from implantable devices.

Answer: C. −20°C to −30°C

Explanation: Eutectic temperatures for most organic compounds in lyophilized powders typically fall in the −20°C to −30°C range, which is important for determining storage and processing conditions.

Answer: A. Carrageenan

Explanation: Carrageenan, derived from seaweed, is used in some explosive formulations due to its ability to form gels and its biodegradability.

Answer: C. Pectin

Explanation: Pectin is generally not used as an enteric coating material because it does not provide sufficient resistance to stomach acid, unlike cellulose acetate phthalate and synthetic acrylate polymers.

Answer: A. 6 inches

Explanation: The fall height for friability testing is typically 6 inches, which is used to assess the mechanical robustness of tablets by dropping them repeatedly.

Answer: D. Interfacial tension

Explanation: Ostwald ripening is the process by which larger particles grow at the expense of smaller ones due to differences in solubility, which is governed by interfacial tension.

Answer: D. Methocell K100M CR

Explanation: For high water-soluble drugs, HPMC with lower viscosity grades (K100LV, K4M, K15) are used to retard release, while K100M (a higher viscosity grade) is not typically used.

Answer: B. Liposomal delivery systems

Explanation: Liposomal formulations of amphotericin B encapsulate the drug, altering its distribution and reducing exposure to sensitive tissues, which minimizes its toxicity.

Answer: B. Orlon

Explanation: Polyacrylonitrile is commercially known as Orlon, a synthetic fiber used in various industrial applications.

Answer: A. 546

Explanation: Size 0 capsules typically have a capacity of about 546 mg. This standardized capacity is used in pharmaceutical formulations to ensure accurate dosing and uniformity across products.

Answer: B. First-order

Explanation: Many drug decomposition processes follow first-order kinetics, where the rate of decomposition is proportional to the concentration of the drug, leading to an exponential decrease over time.