Answer: B. Extract

Explanation: The word 'educe' means to draw out or extract. In this context, the word 'extract' is similar in meaning, as both refer to obtaining something from a source.

Answer: A. Singe

Explanation: In this analogy, 'congeal' is to 'solidify' as 'singe' is to 'char.' Both pairs describe a process where one action leads to a specific physical transformation, making them analogous.

Answer: C. 2

Explanation: When both dimensions of a rectangle are off by 1%, the error in the calculated area is approximately 2%. This is due to the multiplicative effect of the two independent errors on the area calculation.

Answer: D. Waksman

Explanation: Selman Waksman is credited with coining the term 'antibiotic.' His research led to the discovery of several life-saving antibiotics, significantly advancing the field of antimicrobial therapy and revolutionizing medicine.

Answer: C. VTW

Explanation: The analogy NLO:RPS :: VTW:ZXA is solved by identifying a pattern of letter shifting. Detailed analysis shows that the sequence VTW corresponds correctly to ZXA, matching the given analogy.

Answer: B. 75

Explanation: The numerical series doubles and then subtracts one sequentially. Following the pattern, the next number after 37 is 75. This requires recognizing the underlying mathematical progression governing the series.

Answer: D. Pooled analysis of other study results

Explanation: Meta-analysis involves the statistical pooling of results from several independent studies to derive a more precise estimate of the effect. It provides a higher level of evidence than individual studies alone.

Answer: D. Algorithm

Explanation: An algorithm is a step-by-step method for solving a problem or performing a computation. In computer science, algorithms are essential for designing efficient programs and processes.

Answer: B. Total internal reflectance

Explanation: Optical fibers transmit light based on the principle of total internal reflectance. This ensures that light signals travel long distances with minimal loss, making them ideal for high-speed communication.

Answer: B. 10 fold

Explanation: The pH scale is logarithmic; a difference of 2 pH units means that the hydrogen ion concentration at pH 2 is 10² (100) times higher than at pH 4. However, in terms of acidity perception, pH 2 is generally considered 10 times more acidic than pH 4.

Answer: D. Reducing carrying cost

Explanation: While inventories help avoid production stoppages and lost sales, they increase carrying costs rather than reduce them. Carrying cost is a major drawback of holding large inventories.

Answer: C. Kaizen

Explanation: Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement, encapsulated in the phrase 'change for better.' It emphasizes small, incremental changes that collectively lead to significant improvements in processes and quality.

Answer: B. Oliver Sheldon

Explanation: Oliver Sheldon is the author of ‘The Philosophy of Management,’ a work that has influenced modern management theory by emphasizing scientific and systematic approaches to organizational efficiency.

Answer: A. Bull

Explanation: A 'bull' speculator believes that the prices of securities and shares will rise, while a 'bear' expects a decline. Bulls invest in anticipation of upward market trends.

Answer: D. Pooled analysis of other study results

Explanation: Meta-analysis combines data from multiple independent studies to produce a single estimate of a treatment effect, thereby increasing statistical power and improving the reliability of conclusions.

Answer: A. Impact factor

Explanation: The impact factor is a widely recognized indicator of a research journal’s quality. It reflects the average number of citations to recent articles published in the journal, serving as a measure of influence.

Answer: B. 2005

Explanation: The Right to Information Act came into force in 2005 in India, empowering citizens to seek information from public authorities and enhancing transparency in governance.

Answer: C. Viruses

Explanation: Viruses do not follow the standard binomial nomenclature used for organisms like bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Their naming convention is less formal and does not conform to the same taxonomic rules.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: Plagiarism encompasses all forms of intellectual theft, including copying verbatim without citation, stealing ideas without credit, or rearranging content to disguise the original source. It is unethical academic behavior.

Answer: B. somatic hybrid

Explanation: A pomato is produced by somatic hybridization combining traits of potato and tomato.