Answer: B. Visual damage

Explanation: Ethambutol is associated with visual damage, particularly optic neuropathy. Patients taking ethambutol are monitored for changes in vision to prevent irreversible ocular toxicity during tuberculosis treatment.

Answer: B. Electron shielding

Explanation: Chemical shifts in NMR spectroscopy arise primarily due to electron shielding. The surrounding electrons reduce the effective magnetic field at the nucleus, resulting in variations in resonance frequencies that are characteristic of different chemical environments.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: The flow properties of powders are influenced by several factors including ambient humidity, particle shape, and the chemical composition of the powder. These factors collectively affect powder behavior during processing.

Answer: C. Crosslinked Povidone

Explanation: Crosslinked Povidone is used as an enteric coating material because it protects tablets from the acidic environment of the stomach, ensuring that the drug is released in the intestine where absorption is optimal.

Answer: C. 10

Explanation: There are 10 essential amino acids that must be obtained from the diet because the human body cannot synthesize them. These amino acids are vital for protein synthesis and overall metabolic function.

Answer: A. Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Explanation: STM stands for Scanning Tunneling Microscope. This advanced imaging technique enables visualization of surfaces at the atomic scale by measuring tunneling currents between a conductive tip and the sample.

Answer: A. heating to BP for 15 minutes for 3 successive days

Explanation: Tyndallization is a sterilization method that involves heating a substance to its boiling point for 15 minutes over three consecutive days. This process allows resistant spores to germinate and be subsequently killed in the following cycles.

Answer: A. Henipavirus

Explanation: The Nipah virus belongs to the Henipavirus genus. This classification is based on its genetic and structural characteristics, and the virus is known to cause severe respiratory and neurological diseases.

Answer: B. Northen blotting

Explanation: Northern blotting is the technique used for identifying specific RNA molecules. It involves separation by electrophoresis followed by hybridization with labeled probes to detect gene expression levels.

Answer: A. ########

Explanation: The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) for water-in-oil emulsifiers typically falls between 4 and 6. This range is optimal for stabilizing emulsions where water droplets are dispersed in an oil phase.

Answer: B. Misopristol

Explanation: Misopristol is used to treat NSAID-induced peptic ulceration by promoting mucosal protection and reducing gastric acid secretion, thereby alleviating ulcer symptoms and aiding in healing.

Answer: A. Loperamide

Explanation: Loperamide is an opioid analogue with antidiarrheal properties. It acts on the gastrointestinal tract to slow motility without significant central nervous system effects, making it effective in managing diarrhea.

Answer: A. AUG, AUA and AUU

Explanation: Human mitochondrial genomes utilize alternative start codons such as AUG, AUA, and AUU. These differences from the standard genetic code allow for unique translational mechanisms within mitochondria.

Answer: D. Carbon dioxide

Explanation: In certain cell culture systems, carbon dioxide is used in cryopreservation to maintain proper pH and cellular integrity. Although nitrogen is more common for freezing, CO2 is also used in specific protocols.

Answer: A. reduction of I2 by SO2 in presence water and by removal of pyridine iodide

Explanation: Karl Fischer titration determines water content by reducing iodine using sulfur dioxide in the presence of water. The removal of pyridine iodide is essential for an accurate and reproducible titration endpoint.

Answer: A. Enalapril

Explanation: Enalapril is a prodrug that requires metabolic conversion to enalaprilat in the body. This conversion is crucial for its therapeutic effect as an ACE inhibitor in treating hypertension.

Answer: B. Abciximab

Explanation: Abciximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on platelets, preventing aggregation and reducing thrombus formation during cardiovascular procedures.

Answer: B. Countercurrent distribution

Explanation: The Craig apparatus is employed in countercurrent distribution experiments, a method used for separating compounds based on their partitioning between two immiscible liquid phases, improving extraction efficiency.

Answer: C. 3

Explanation: Insulin contains three disulfide bonds that are essential for maintaining its tertiary structure. These bonds play a critical role in its biological activity and stability as a peptide hormone.

Answer: B. 29

Explanation: Glucagon is composed of 29 amino acids. This linear peptide hormone is crucial for blood glucose regulation by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.