Answer: C. 50-70%

Explanation: Spirulina is known for its high protein content, typically ranging between 50% and 70%. This high level makes it a popular nutritional supplement and a valuable source of protein in various diets.

Answer: A. Dichlorofluorescein

Explanation: Dichlorofluorescein is used as the indicator in the Fajans method of argentometry. It changes color at the endpoint, allowing precise determination of silver ion concentration in the titration.

Answer: B. Benjamin Minge Duggar

Explanation: Aureomycin, an antibiotic, was discovered by Benjamin Minge Duggar. His research contributed significantly to the development of antimicrobial agents in the mid-20th century.

Answer: B. One triazole ring

Explanation: Fluconazole contains one triazole ring, which is essential for its mechanism of inhibiting fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes and disrupting ergosterol synthesis in fungal cells.

Answer: A. Haemophillia A

Explanation: Factor-VIII deficiency leads to Haemophilia A, a genetic disorder that impairs blood clotting, resulting in prolonged bleeding and necessitating careful clinical management.

Answer: B. Catalase peroxidase (KatG) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Explanation: Isoniazid is a prodrug that is activated by the catalase peroxidase enzyme (KatG) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, converting it to its active form which inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.

Answer: A. ≥ 90

Explanation: The average glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy individual is generally considered to be ≥ 90 ml/min, indicating normal kidney function and efficient waste removal from the blood.

Answer: B. Methine bridges

Explanation: A porphyrin ring is composed of four pyrrole rings linked by methine bridges. This unique structure is essential for the function of heme and chlorophyll in biological systems.

Answer: C. Isomaltose

Explanation: Isomaltose is classified as a reducing sugar because it possesses a free aldehyde group in its open-chain form, enabling it to participate in redox reactions unlike non-reducing sugars.

Answer: A. Fabeace

Explanation: Liquorice belongs to the Fabaceae family, which is characterized by its distinctive morphological and genetic features that group it with legumes and related species.

Answer: B. Paclitaxel

Explanation: Paclitaxel is classified as a BCS-IV drug, indicating it has low solubility and low permeability. These characteristics present formulation challenges and influence its bioavailability.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: Neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's chorea, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease all involve progressive loss of neuronal function and structure, leading to severe clinical outcomes.

Answer: C. Vitamin K

Explanation: Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of thrombin and other clotting factors. It enables the carboxylation of specific proteins, which is necessary for proper blood coagulation and hemostasis.

Answer: A. Ferroin

Explanation: Ferroin is the indicator used in the titration of ferrous gluconate because it undergoes a distinct color change at the endpoint, facilitating accurate determination of the iron concentration.

Answer: D. 6

Explanation: Triterpenes are constructed from six isoprene units, which combine to form complex molecules with diverse biological functions. This assembly is central to the structure of many naturally occurring terpenoids.

Answer: B. 80,20

Explanation: Bioequivalence requires that at least 80% of subjects have bioavailability values within ±20% of the mean of the test population. This ensures therapeutic equivalence between the generic and innovator drugs.

Answer: A. Wetting agent

Explanation: Drave’s test is used to evaluate the effectiveness of a wetting agent in pharmaceutical formulations. It measures the ability of a compound to reduce surface tension and promote uniform dispersion of particles.

Answer: A. Zinin reaction and Bechamp reduction

Explanation: Aniline is produced industrially through the Zinin reaction followed by the Bechamp reduction. This two-step process converts nitrobenzene into aniline, a key intermediate in dye and pharmaceutical production.

Answer: A. a triphenyl phosphonium ylide

Explanation: The Wittig reaction involves the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenyl phosphonium ylide to form an alkene. This reaction is a fundamental tool in organic synthesis for carbon–carbon bond formation.

Answer: C. Osmotic pressure

Explanation: Gibb’s Donnan effect results in the creation of osmotic pressure due to the presence of impermeable ions on one side of a semipermeable membrane. This effect is important in biological and chemical systems.