Answer: A. Steam sterilization

Explanation: Talc is typically sterilized using steam sterilization, which effectively kills microorganisms without altering the physical properties of the talc. This method is widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Answer: D. All of the above

Explanation: The absorption rate constant in pharmacokinetics can be determined by various methods including the method of residuals, Wagner-Nelson, and Loo-Riegelman methods. Each technique uses different mathematical approaches to estimate the rate of absorption.

Answer: A. Must have label: It is dangerous to take this preparation except under medical supervision

Explanation: Schedule G drugs are regulated in India and must carry a warning label stating that they are dangerous to take except under strict medical supervision to ensure patient safety.

Answer: B. Kjeldahl

Explanation: The Kjeldahl method is a widely used chemical method for determining the nitrogen content in substances. This method is critical in evaluating protein content and other nitrogen-containing compounds in various samples.

Answer: A. NF₃

Explanation: NF₃ has a non-zero dipole moment due to the asymmetrical distribution of electronegativity among its atoms. In contrast, molecules like CCl₄ and CO₂ are symmetrical and have zero dipole moments.

Answer: D. Mannitol

Explanation: Mannitol is widely used as a sweetener in chewable tablets because of its pleasant taste, non-cariogenic nature, and compatibility with other excipients in tablet formulations.

Answer: A. Cage-like molecules

Explanation: Clathrates are compounds in which one type of molecule forms a cage-like structure that encloses another molecule. This unique arrangement is important in fields such as gas storage and separation technologies.

Answer: B. Inclusion complexes

Explanation: Cyclodextrin enhances drug bioavailability by forming inclusion complexes with drug molecules. This encapsulation improves solubility and stability, leading to better absorption and therapeutic effectiveness.

Answer: B. Isoniazid

Explanation: Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is used as a supplement to prevent the neurotoxicity associated with isoniazid therapy. It helps mitigate side effects by compensating for the vitamin deficiency caused by the drug.

Answer: A. Zaleplon

Explanation: Zaleplon is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent that acts as an agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor. It is used primarily for the short-term treatment of insomnia due to its rapid onset and short duration of action.

Answer: B. Addition

Explanation: The reaction depicted is an addition reaction, where two or more reactants combine to form a single product. This process is characteristic of many organic compounds with unsaturated bonds.

Answer: C. Rabies vaccine

Explanation: A killed or inactivated vaccine is one in which the pathogen is rendered non-infectious. The rabies vaccine is an example, as it is prepared by inactivating the virus to safely stimulate an immune response.

Answer: C. The lethal dose for 50% of animals to the effective dose for 50% of animals

Explanation: The therapeutic index is defined as the ratio between the lethal dose (LD₅₀) and the effective dose (ED₅₀). A higher index indicates a greater margin of safety for a drug.

Answer: B. Nitrocellulose

Explanation: Nitrocellulose is the film-forming agent used in nail polishes. It forms a hard, glossy film upon drying and provides durability and resistance to wear in cosmetic applications.

Answer: B. Insulin

Explanation: Ligand-gated ion channels are typically modulated by neurotransmitters and certain drugs such as benzodiazepines. Insulin, however, does not interact with these channels and works through receptor tyrosine kinases.

Answer: B. 15 minutes

Explanation: The disintegration time for an uncoated tablet is typically around 15 minutes, ensuring that the tablet breaks down quickly in the gastrointestinal tract to release the active drug for absorption.

Answer: C. Harmaline

Explanation: β-carbolines such as harmaline are naturally occurring compounds found in certain plants. Harmaline exhibits psychoactive properties and is used both in traditional medicine and as a research tool to study neural pathways.

Answer: A. Folic acid

Explanation: Folic acid supplementation before and during early pregnancy is crucial to prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida. Adequate folic acid intake ensures proper cell division and neural tube closure in the developing embryo.

Answer: B. Cefixime

Explanation: Cefixime is classified as a third-generation cephalosporin. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacteria and is used in the treatment of various infections due to its improved pharmacokinetic properties.

Answer: B. Carbidopa

Explanation: Carbidopa is used in combination with levodopa to inhibit its peripheral metabolism. This allows more levodopa to cross the blood–brain barrier, thereby increasing its efficacy in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.